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Featured · Longevity

The Decline of NAD+ with Age and What the Research Tells Us

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is central to cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair. Studies consistently show a 50% decline in NAD+ levels between the ages of 40 and 60 — and the research community is paying close attention to what this means for healthy ageing.

Research Review · 8 min read · August 2026

Regeneration · Blends

GHK-Cu: The Copper Peptide Rewriting What We Know About Skin Repair

First isolated from human plasma in 1973, GHK-Cu has accumulated a substantial research profile across collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and gene expression modulation. We examine the key studies.

Research Review · 6 min read · August 2026

Recovery · Musculoskeletal

BPC-157 and Tendon Healing: A Review of Preclinical Evidence

Over 100 animal studies. Consistent results across tendon, ligament, and muscle models. BPC-157 has one of the most extensive preclinical dossiers of any research peptide — we break down what the evidence actually shows.

Literature Review · 10 min read · July 2026

Metabolic · Weight Research

Retatrutide Phase 2 Data: What the NEJM Study Actually Found

The 2023 New England Journal of Medicine publication on Retatrutide reported mean weight reductions of 24.2% — the largest seen in any pharmacological trial. A detailed look at the methodology, results, and what they mean.

Clinical Data Review · 12 min read · July 2026

Mitochondria · Energy

MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial Peptide That Acts Like Exercise

Discovered in 2015, MOTS-c is encoded within mitochondrial DNA itself — making it unique among peptides. Research in aged mouse models shows restoration of metabolic homeostasis comparable to exercise training.

Research Review · 7 min read · June 2026

Anti-Inflammatory · Gut

KPV: The Alpha-MSH Fragment With Surprising Anti-Inflammatory Properties

KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Unlike its parent molecule, it works without classical melanocortin receptor binding — entering cells directly via PepT1 transporters.

Mechanism Review · 5 min read · June 2026

GH Axis · Secretagogues

CJC-1295 No DAC vs With DAC: Understanding the Pharmacokinetic Difference

The presence or absence of the Drug Affinity Complex fundamentally changes the pharmacokinetic profile of CJC-1295. We explain the difference, the half-life implications, and why it matters for pulsatile GH research.

Education · 6 min read · May 2026

Research disclaimer: All content published on this page is provided for educational and informational purposes only. Articles reference peer-reviewed published research. Pepform does not make medical claims. All compounds sold by Pepform are for research use only and not intended for human consumption. Full terms.